Mechanical strengthening and physicalmicrostructural compatibility in comparison with. Graduate research assistant texas transportation institute. Alkoxysilanes consolidation of stone and earthen building. As these values are directly related to the compactness of the stone, they are used to assess the alteration degree of stone samples and also the strengthening improvement by consolidation treatment. Research in conservation series, deals with the use of alkoxysilanes in the consolidation of. Change in microporosity of granitic building stones upon. Consolidation and adhesive repair of volcanic tuff case.
While the term artifi cial stone was commonly used in the 19th century, con crete stone, cast stone, and cut cast stone replaced it in. Table of contents for alkoxysilanes and the consolidation. Stone consolidation, however, needs careful designing and preliminary testing, as it is basically an irreversible intervention in most of the cases 14. Penetrate profoundly to strengthen the stone and seal the surface to give protection and enhance the natural color of. Consolidation of weathered limestone using nanolime. Stone is one of the oldest building materials, and its conservation ranks as one of the most challenging in the field. Alkoxysilanes and the consolidation of stone getty. Conservation of historic stone buildings and monuments. The examination indicated both new and historic stone were bath oolitic limestone composed of 100% calcite caco 3.
Bibliographic record and links to related information available from the library of congress catalog. Consolidation of porous carbonate stones by an innovative. Consolidation effectiveness is known to be influenced by a multitude of parameters 7,8 and above all by the. Alkoxysilanebased formulations have since become the material of choice.
Selecting optimum cement contents for stabilizing aggregate. The consolidation of stones with alkoxysilane has some disadvantages as the variation in composition and structure of stones may modify consolidant stone interaction. Silicon compounds such as tetraethoxysilane teos are frequently. Application of epoxy resins in consolidation of ornamental stone. Nanomaterials for consolidation of marble and wall paintings. Consolidation of degraded ornamental porous limestone stone by calcium carbonate precipitation induced by the microbiota inhabiting the stone c. Offering customary high quality featuring exclusive ardex innovation such as microtec. In this paper, a recently proposed new consolidation treatment based on the formation of hydroxyapatite inside the stone was tested on two different porous carbonate stones globigerina limestone. Stone materials and products the treatments were tested on gioia marble, a calcitic stone with low porosity 1%, from carrara italy, and on anca stone, a very porous limestone 27% almost exclusively formed of calcite, quarried in portugal in the coimbra region. Richfield limestone is a premium quality manufactured stone for walls that features a blend of rich browns, dark grey and red limestone.
The effect of colloidal silica and pdmsoh in formulations. If you need to print pages from this book, we recommend downloading it as a pdf. The use of consolidation treatments may restrict flow of fluids e. Consolidation and adhesive repair of volcanic tuff case study. Using nanocomposites in the consolidation and protection of sandstone fatma mohamed helmi1, yasser kamal hefni2. Silane coupling agents ilane coupling agents are siliconbased chemicals that contain two types of reactivity inorganic and organic in the same molecule. Unfortunately, this book cant be printed from the openbook. Bacterial carbonatogenesis, conservation, monuments, stone consolidation, ethyl silicate abstract the carved crestings at the royal chappell capilla real in granada, spain, which are made up of a highly porous, friable calcarenite stone, are characterized by their complex surface morphology as well as their level. Limestone and dolomite safety data sheet according to federal register vol.
Limestone decay in historic monuments and consolidation with nanodispersive calcium hydroxide solutions submitted by ev in caner in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of doctor of philosophy in architecture department in restoration middle east technical university by, prof. These resins, therefore, offer the possibility of solidifying stone objects without the formation of surface layers or skins. To evaluate the effectiveness consolidation on marble, ultrasonic speedof measures were performed on weathered samples before and after treatment. Erder, evin hewett, consolidation and adhesive repair of volcanic tuff case study. Treatment with a consolidant containing polysiloxane a water repellent agent leads to variable results, depending on the precise pore structure of the untreated stone. Internal curing using expanded shale, clay and slate lightweight aggregate the text and references are from astm 169d significance of test and properties of concrete and concrete making materials, chapter 46 lightweight concrete and aggregate, american society of testing materials, west conshohocken, pa 2006. Consolidation of degraded ornamental porous limestone stone. Crusher run limestone synonyms calcium carbonate recommended use agriculture lime. Concerning their consolidation effectiveness, nanolimes have proven to work properly for the preconsolidation and for the recovery of the super. Full text of alkoxysilanes consolidation of stone and.
Ardex tiling systems include products for levelling, under tile waterproofing, tile adhesives, grouts, silicones, sealers and cleaners. The ideal consolidant performance will restore the mechanical and chemical properties of the decay stone. A second goal of the paper is to educate designers and installers regarding trends in the ce. The selection criteria of a suitable polymer need intensive investigation. Historical monuments suffer different forms of degradation, due to some improper works on architecture structure, vibrations caused by blasting, traffic, the inadequate restoration, the phenomenon of freezethaw, air pollution, humidity and temperature variations. Selecting optimum cement contents for stabilizing aggregate base materials by w. The effectiveness of silicone in protecting either sandstone or limestone, as main archeological stones, was investigated in terms of its interaction with the studied stone. In this process a chemical substance consolidant is introduced into a degraded stone. Alkoxysilanesconsolidationofstone andearthenbuildingmaterials isiloztiirk athesis in thegraduateprograminhistoricpreservation. Nov 21, 2014 this chapter illustrates the main formulations of nanomaterials that have been developed in the last decades for the consolidation of wall paintings and stone, providing references to real case studies and application fields. During the evaluation of the effectiveness of consolidation treatment applied on heterogeneous porous stone a common fact is the high values of the deviation standards of the weight loss. The purpose of this paper is to inform designers and installers using natural stone of key characteristics of cements related to stone installation and assemblies. The use of alkoxysilanes in the conservation of stone can be traced as far back as 1861, when a.
It is imperative that the joint and adhesive flanks are cleaned of dust. In addition, a good consolidant should meet performance. Stone consolidation is needed because stones decay and loose cohesion in the exposed surfaces down to a certain depth. Cleaning and surface repair the national academies press.
Finally, a whole section is dedicated to applicative procedures and protocols for the use of nanoparticles dispersions. Limestone decay in historic monuments and consolidation with nanodispersive calcium hydroxide solutions caner, evin ph. Each stone has been precisely molded and cast into rectangular form for a formal structured look. Consolidation of stone objects with expoxy resins introduction the process involved in the ageing of stone objects are weil known and of course may be chemical, physical or biological in nature. The main function of stone consolidating materials is to reestablish cohesion between particles of deteriorated stone. May 05, 2007 treatment with a consolidant containing polysiloxane a water repellent agent leads to variable results, depending on the precise pore structure of the untreated stone. The most important requirements for the attainment of sufficiently deep penetration are the low molecular weight of resin and hardener, a suit. Silicones for resin modification are available in many forms such as silanes and silane coupling agents, resins, oligomers, silicone fluids, modified silicone fluids and powders, so the user can choose the right type of product for the intended application and usage conditions.
The stones feature exact detailing in texture, color and style to replicate true. Granite, primarily used as a building stone has been a part of various monuments for over many years. The maintenance, repair and replacement of historic cast stone richard pieper u. Consolidation of degraded ornamental porous limestone. Alkoxysilanes and the consolidation of stone author. When the alkoxysilanes are deposited in the stone, polymerization proceeds by two steps which are hydrolysis and condensation. Consolidation and solidifying systems fixativ silicate binding agent for use with keim systems. During a century and a half of use in the united states, cast stone has been given various names. Product identification product identifier limestone aggregate, ag lime other means of identification sds number acg additional products milled rock limestone, rip rap, 1. A typical general structure is ro 3 sich 2 ch 2 ch 2x, where ro is a hydrolyzable group, such as methoxy, ethoxy. The maintenance, repair and replacement of historic cast. Sinceethyl silicate has been applied to the consolidation of adobe with satisfactory results. Characterization of silicone coating for archeological. Alkoxysilanes and the consolidation of stone research in.
Weathering of natural stone results in an increase in the pore volume in the stones structure. If the joint was wetcleaned, it must definitely be dried or you must wait for it to dry. Stone consolidating materials a status report nist page. Bring laticrete hydro ban up to level of tile or stone. Penetrate profoundly to strengthen the stone and seal the surface to give protection and enhance the natural color of the stone. The application of a consolidant by direct contact capillary. Pack any gaps around pipes, lights or other penetrations with a laticrete latex fortified thinset mortar. Alkoxysilanes and the consolidation of stone getty publications. Silane a functional monomeric sicompound with 4 chemical attachments. In the case of natural stone and particularly sandstone in this instance it is of elementary im. Full text of alkoxysilanes consolidation of stone and earthen building materials see other formats.
Granite, by reason of its massive nature and homogeneous grain, is eminently adapted for monumental and architectural work as well as for massive masonries. The maintenance, repair and replacement of historic cast stone. In the current study, silicone emulsion was used for stone conservation. Application of epoxy resins in consolidation of ornamental. Caesar is a famous mining equipment manufacturer wellknown both at home and abroad, major in producing stone crushing equipment, mineral separation equipment, limestone grinding equipment, etc. Jan 15, 2015 stone consolidation, however, needs careful designing and preliminary testing, as it is basically an irreversible intervention in most of the cases 14. Historical monuments suffer different forms of degradation, due to some improper works on architecture structure, vibrations caused by blasting, traffic, the inadequate restoration, the phenomenon of freezethaw, air pollution, humidity and temperature variations, friable mortar, deposits adhering impurities dust, smoke, tar, soluble efflorescence, poorly soluble or insoluble salts nitrate. Studies on polymeric conservation treatments of ceramic. Stone consolidation is a restorative preservation measure. Conservation of volcanic tuff at the old stone church of mission san juan capistrano, san juan capistrano, california 1995. Alkoxysilanes and the consolidation of stone getty center. The main function of stone consolidants is to reestablish the cohesion between particles of deteriorated stone. Stone monuments consolidation with nanomaterials scientific. If one only considers the principal properties that are important for ornamental stone consolidation and sealing, then one would want systems that.
Founded in 1904 and headquartered in farmington hills, michigan, usa, the american concrete institute is a leading authority and resource worldwide for the development, dissemination, and adoption of its consensusbased standards, technical resources, educational programs, and proven expertise for individuals and organizations. For these reasons, the study of stone consolidants is of primary importance. Silicones for resin modification shinetsu silicone. Zelinger abstractthis paper summarizes the main principles of the application of epoxy resins for the consolidation of porous inorganic materials. The end product should have sufficient hardness that during the polishing process, the epoxy resin cannot be mechanically hooked by the abrasives and torn away. Apply a liberal coat of laticrete hydro ban liquid around penetration opening. Conservation of volcanic tuff at the old stone church of mission san juan capistrano, san juan capistrano, california. Table of contents for alkoxysilanes and the consolidation of stone george wheeler. Consolidation of wall paintings and stone springerlink. Caner saltik march 2011, 124 pages exposure to atmospheric conditions results of deterioration in historic monuments.
Effectiveness and compatibility of a novel sustainable. Characterization of silicone coating for archeological stone. Internal curing using expanded shale, clay and slate. Before jointing some basic preliminary work must be carried out. Ethyl silicate is currently the most widely used among stone consolidants. Limacusco perusepl the effectiveness of a consolidation treatment depends on the proper selection of the consolidating substance, what is expected of it and how it is used. The approach to the protection of stone monuments can be subdivided into anamnesis, diagnosis and therapy. Pdf consolidation of porous carbonate stones by an. Stone consolidating materialssummary and conclusions. Department of the interior national park service cultural resources heritage preservation services an imitative building material with many names the practice of using cheaper and more common materials on building exteriors in imitation of more expensive natural.
A petrographic examination was conducted on the limestone to compare the mineralogy of the new limestone to the stone on the building. Optimization of nanolime solvent for the consolidation of. Nov 23, 2008 summary and conclusions the main function of stone consolidating materials is to reestablish cohesion between particles of deteriorated stone. The effect of colloidal silica and pdmsoh in formulations to. The choice of an effective consolidant for carbonate stones is a general key goal in. Alkoxysilanes and the consolidation of stone by george wheeler. However, no studies have yet focused on the consequences for stone consolidation of the application of an m. In addition to consolidation requirements, a good consolidant should meet performance requirements concerning durability, depth of penetration, effect on stone porosity, effect on moisture transfer. Alkoxysilanebased formulations have since become the material of choice for the consolidation of stone outdoors. For all these reasons, this variety of stone has been studied since long ago, looking for the most adequate consolidation treatments castro 1990. This study was undertaken with the object of evaluating and developing techniques for using epoxy resins for the stabilization of stone objects. Moreover, consolidation might even result in an acceleration of materials decay 5,6, if unsuitable materials or treatment conditions are selected. Pdf consolidation of weathered limestone using nanolime. Contents data are machine generated based on prepublication provided by the publisher.
Alkoxysilanes in stone conservation can be traced back to 1861, when a. The results also contribute towards the definition of standard testing protocols on stone consolidation. The materials consolidation concept has been applied to architectural conservation. This chapter illustrates the main formulations of nanomaterials that have been developed in the last decades for the consolidation of wall paintings and stone, providing references to real case studies and application fields. Studies on polymeric conservation treatments of ceramic tiles. Consolidation of porous carbonate stones by an innovative phosphate treatment.
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